Basic Networking Concepts: Part 2

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3 min read

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Inspired by Kunal Kushwaha's YouTube tutorials, this article explores networking protocols and internet infrastructure.

ALL - APPLICATION LAYER

PEOPLE - PRESENTATION LAYER

SHOULD - SESSION LAYER

TRY - TRANSPORT LAYER

NEW - NETWORK LAYER

DOMINOS - DATALINK

PIZZA - PHYSICAL LAYER

The OSI model, or Open Systems Interconnection model, is a framework that explains how different components of a network communicate. It consists of seven layers, each with specific functions and responsibilities:

Application Layer

The Application Layer hosts software applications like YouTube and Skype. It provides services directly to end-users.

Presentation Layer

The Presentation Layer translates data into a format understandable by the Application Layer. It manages data compression, encryption (e.g., SSL), and ensures data readability.

Session Layer

The Session Layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications. For example, during online shopping, it manages session setup, maintenance, synchronization, and handles authorization and recovery.

Transport Layer (Bus)

The Transport Layer ensures reliable end-to-end communication between devices across networks. It receives data from the Session Layer, breaks it into segments, assigns port numbers for application identification, and includes sequence numbers for data reassembly at the destination. It manages flow control and implements error control mechanisms like checksums to detect and correct data corruption.

Network Layer (Road)

The Network Layer is responsible for logical addressing and routing data packets across different networks. Routers operate at this layer, facilitating the transmission of data segments from one computer to another across distinct networks. It uses logical addressing to assign IP addresses to each segment, ensuring that data packets reach their correct destinations. Algorithms like Dijkstra's algorithm may be used to determine the shortest path for data transmission.

Data Link Layer (Data link)

The Data Link Layer enables direct communication between computers and hosts. It receives data packets from the Network Layer and uses MAC addresses (Media Access Control addresses), which are unique 12-digit alphanumeric identifiers assigned to devices. MAC addresses are used to form frames, which are the data units at this layer. The Data Link Layer manages the transmission of these frames, ensuring error-free data transfer and managing access to the physical medium.

Physical Layer (Physical)

The Physical Layer deals with the hardware aspects of data transmission. It receives data in the form of signals from the Data Link Layer and converts these signals into bits or bytes. These bits or bytes are then transmitted over physical media such as wires or wireless signals. The Physical Layer manages physical connections, including cables, connectors, voltage levels, and modulation/demodulation of signals.

UDP and TCP Protocols

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) prioritizes speed and is used in applications like video conferencing and gaming, where occasional data loss is acceptable. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ensures reliable data delivery, making it suitable for applications like email and file transfer, where data integrity is crucial.

  1. Architecture:

Client-Server Architecture:

  • Multiple clients interact with centralized servers to access resources or services, which can overload servers during peak times.

Peer-to-Peer Architecture:

  • Decentralizes resources, allowing direct communication between devices without central servers, promoting scalability and efficient data sharing.

Conclusion:

Understanding the OSI model and its seven layers is crucial for comprehending how network communication functions. Each layer, from the Application Layer to the Physical Layer, plays a specific role in ensuring data is transmitted accurately and efficiently. Additionally, the TCP/IP model simplifies this framework into five layers, making it easier to grasp the essentials of network communication. Familiarity with network architectures like Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer .This foundational knowledge is indispensable for anyone involved in networking and IT.

#InternetHistory #NetworkingProtocols #TCP_IP #ModemVsRouter #DataTransmission

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